Mehring Books
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qhv#Î âyv@S aWÄÓ m°N a`¿É«S@G k^òN
ÓÄb> aNwR `nyK sMp`qny @k@R
Í $NK g#GÄ@y`ç ìâÎ
2000 a@g~Só 3
ù k ìq&` h` gÎw a`¿É¬S
ìâN sMp`Øw p` ´N} adA² qhv#Î âyv@S aW ÄÓyK pvñn bvt ¼Ä 11vn Øn kl
Î@Vqny m°N Õr`wn @l~k@Y @ ìq&`yÁ@G k^òN ÓÄb>v @s`y`
b#Å@M v#qgW avS}`vK ×q`ny @k@rn awr em°N a`¿É«S@G ÄÓ @Ln ÓÄb> ip#ßÎm
Ìl`yN sMp`qny @k@R. eÀ p`´N} ¿yv` @Wr#M g#Ïmt smW vN@N ¿nM kNd`ym q
yÐ@vN p#v#@wn wrg@Y eK aA\yK @ls, b#Lç@m~Rµ @v~LtR kl`g`r@Y a`¿É«S@G ËL ÄÓy mk`
n#vw Äï ÄÓ@Y @k`tsK wb` a#W@W w`K;ny ÓÄb> @r`@cStR a`ywn@Y (a`Raûè) h`
b#Lç@m~Rµ @g`P¿N ì|v ìq&`l@Y ìq&`yN ìâÎ. @mµ a#ñ ùk
y``vNt yçN a`¿É«S@G ËL k^ñy sthN í a#w. ËL Ótpw år` @h~ @s~q` qm`, eµ
ËÚnw @vnW @pl@p`wK Äy` ñ@B.
@mµ ËL @pl mó kr g#Ïm s>h`, ìq&`yN ìâN «ºtL vR[ny, a@[~rKw h`
p`rjM£l @prhN X`ìwy v#Î nínwm w`K;ny @y`q` gÐ a#w. åKm ¨Mbk upkrn m°N ÄÓy
Äímt X`ìw` kl ykd aA adA² òNw ì|@L;ny ¿Þmt ÎyÉwy. a`Raûèµ Õr`
ìq&` @r`bRT @j`NsN @m@S p#v#ãy. "y@mk kÄN p#vñ@Y ÁmKq yNn ÓÄb>v
slÁÐ @gn en av©yK s$m ìtm pvò. eÄqrV ìy h#¿@Q q ìSmy jnky. iKmÎNm,
s#<îÐ h` rhS q$ @hÄvÐ a#w." @v`LtRS kl`g`r@Y X`rkr# ìÄyM @n`@yL,
"a`¿É«S@G @m`ly ´N}yk aNwRgw í a#w. apt av\&vN@N em @m`ly ì¿rn pÞK;`vkt
lK ¿Þmû"yÐ@vN @mµ aR}X`ry s>hN k@Ly.
@mm @vnS krn lq aW ÄÓy vn`µ a`¿É«S@G iw` v#qgW, "y`Nðk n&`yN@G Ãm@Vqy
ÓÄb>v" ( On the Method of Mechanical
Theorems) nM ï ´N}@Y sh p`@vn vSó (On Floating Bodies)
nM ï ùk bâN Äyn lq ËL k^ñ@Y ekm Ótpwû. Êt amwrv @prÙ iw` m$w Ìl`yN@gN
q#ngW a`¿É«S@G, "v^Ww@Y ÉÐm ÓÄb>v," "@g~ly sh âÄNdry
ÓÄb>v" "sRÓl`k`r @R` ÓÄb>v" sh "wlyNµ smóÄww`v
ÓÄb>v" v#Î k^òN q eµ adA² y.
vRwm`n@Y Ù iSw`N£L nÉN hNvn @k`NStNç@n~pLµ Ù qhv#Î âyv@SÙ @mm aW ÄÓy
Äyí a#W@W a`¿É«S@G k^ñvl ÓtpwK a#ä@rÎ. em k`l@Y Ù @p`W Îmí a#W@W q#v pór#
@qkK awr bn lQq` ï, eÆ hm pqM@k`t wn`gW óÏ pW ir#vÄÎ. @k`NSwNñ@n`ply,
j`w&Nwr £Qmy @KNÜS}`nyK ï awr eµ Ù Õr`wn ùk q`R\ÎkyN@G
h` ìq&`yN@G k^òNµ ÓtpW rcny @k`t ugóN@G ×@y~jny s>h` sMp`qny @kÝn.
áv. 1204 Ù Ár#s ýQ[kr#vN ìâN @k`NSwNñ@n~ply phr` @eñh`âk vs@yN v#qgW Sm`rk
@b`@h`myK sh @p`W ì\`l sA&`vK °ÎbW krn lØ. v`sn`vkt @mN a`¿É«S@G @mm @vnS
krn lq @Lny °N@nN a`rK;` ìy. vWm@N Ù I`yly nÉN hNvn ×@Q\@Y ekl ñ¤
\`Nw s`b`@G a`r`m@Y Ù 16 v#Î âyvs ól Ù q 1846 Ù @k`NSwNñ@n~pLµ Q[ ï äs`ny
@QvS}`n@Y Ù q a`Ù vs@yN @mm @Lny ìì[ k`lyNµ Ù n#vw n#vwW v`Rw` gw @kÝn.
y`` ´N}yK @ls p#v#ñ @mm @Lny @vnS krn lQqK b#V ×}mvrt hn` gW@W @mm
k`l@Y Ù y. 1906 Ù @dNm`RK j`ñk v`G ìq&`yÁ ï ÆDìG ¶bRG ìâN ì\`lk
k`cyK @y`q` gÎÉN @mm ar#î gÎwmy p` ´N}y aÁ@rN ÓtpW krÉN ey a`¿É«S@G
k^ñyK b#V hn`gNn` lÙ. 1930 vn ìt p#Ýâyt @gn en lq @mm @vnS krn lq @Lny
1998 Ù eKsW jnpqyt @gn en@wK eµ ßÙ ñ£Î.
£Q[ vR; óNv#Î âyv@S ââÄ Ûp@W v`sy kl a`¿É«S Õr`wn @l~k@Y
@ iAº@Nr#vN@gN, @X_ñk ìq&`yN@gN sh gÎwyN@gN @k@n¿.
ÜvS ññ ìq&`v vR[ny kl oÒ jly esím s>h` vn a`¿Ê¬S SÁr#PÕv ÎRm`ny k@Ly.
v@rk oÒ awt rN oéNnK Ù ey Îmv` a#W@W ÓÝâÚ rNvÄN q, n#w@h`W ÝÙ Éw rNvÄN
q yNn oéNnt h`Î @n`@k`t pvsn @lst krn lq aö@y~gyt ÚN ìsm sMbN[@yN oÒ iw` ×kt
y. oÒ ihw ìsm sMbN[@yN wm âw @v@hsÉN âç k`lvkv`Ð@V jl t#A¿yt b#s Sn`n@Y @yÙ
âç @m@h`wk, wm âr#r m°N Î|¦w jl ×m`nyK ìS}`pny vn bv q#n gW bvW E aÐv oéNn q
ÎyÉw jl ×m`nyK ìS}`pny krn bvW ey oéN@N sAýñy aÐv ìclny vn bvW vth` @gn, wm`@Gm
ìs@mN mhW@S k#l#¢ "ý@Rk`!" -- "@s`y` gWw` "(ùk X`;`@vN) --
yÐ@vN k$gsÉN, Îr#vñNm Øv °y bv jn×v`q@Y s>hN @V. a`¿É«S ÓÄb> mwky wvW
jn®y pÝkLpnyK hrh` ¦r`W k`lyK p#vw E@mN m oÒ@G k`RyyN@G blp$m sn`} @vû.
iAº@Nr#vÁ @ls ×ktv í âç a`¿É«S@G Á\lw`vN, ùk ngryK ï
sûr¿ýS, @r~m a`ÃmnyN@gN a`rK;` kr g#Ï@M Ù @y`q` g#În. ngr@Y pîr# \KñmW ¿Þm
s>h` q ýq yNõyK ÎRm`ny ¿Þm s>h` q oÒ @yÙ gW@W y. vsr @qkK Õr` em ngry @r~m
a`ÃmnyN@gN a`rK;` í âç nËÚ avs`n@Y Ù @r~m hËq`v ngryt kd` v#ÙmW smg oîN ìâN
a`¿É«S av`sn`vNw @ls mr` qmÐ l#¡Î. @r~m`ÐvN ìâN oÒ@G gÎwmy g@V;nyNt uph`r vs@yN
âÄNdryK ól ßÐ @g~lyK sA@KwvW krn @s`@h`N @k`wK ÎRm`ny krn lØ.
oÒ@G @g~ly sh âÄNdry ÓÄb> (On the Sphere
and the Cylinder) k^ñ@yN @g~lyk móÓt vRgply h` pÝm`v
ÓÄb> åõyN vR[ny k@Ly. On$m pÝÉw ×m`nykt vd` Ád` e@hW ¸n&y @n`vn
×m`nyK ÓÄb> oÒ@G aw&Ðk sAkLpy (the concept
of infinitesimals) iN vsr 2000kt iw` a`sNn k`lykt
pä klny (Calculus) ÓÄb> g@V;nyNt pqnm sMp`qny k@Ly. oÒ@G "v^Wwyk ÉÐm ÓÄb>v" (On the Measurement of the Circle) nM ï k^ñ@yN oÒ, v^Wwyk pÝy eµ ìkMXyt qKvn
aÐp`wy, vn pû s>h` sNÎkR;nyK sMp`qny k@Ly. "p`@vn vSó ÓÄb>v" (On Floating Bodies)
nM ï k^ñ@yN vSóvK Üvyk p`@vN@N q em vSóv s$Ù a#ñ Üv&@Y ì©t ²r#Wvy h`
vSó@V a`k`ry mw bv p#h#ØÄ k@Ly. @mm @Ln@Y @qvn @k`t@S aNwRgw vN@N Õr`wn ùk gÎw@Y
@ jy´hnyN y.
vd`Wm aR}X`Þ k`RyyN aNwRgw vN@N em @Ln@Y "y`Nðk Îy`myN@G Ãm @Vqy
ÓÄb>" (On the Method of Mechanical
Theorems) nM ï @k`t@S y. em°N a`¿É«S oÒ@G
gÎwmy g@V;nyN@G ìÃmy ìSwr krû. oÒ @X_ñk ìq&`my Ìl[Rm phq` Ùm s>h`
q#« gÎwmy whîr# ¿ÞM @y`q` gÎÉN gÎwmy @X_ñk ìq&`v vR[ny k@Ly. cÄwy ÓÄb>
@p`Ú Îy`m iØÝpW ¿Þ@M Ù aû@sK ÎVtN@G q ´hvSóvl cÄwy ÓÄb> Îy`m g@V;n@Y Ù
@j`h#NnS @kPlR@G q a`Ù vs@yN pä k`Ån gÎwyN@G h` @X_ñk ìq&`yN@G
k`RyyNµ @KNÜy ï@Y a`¿É«S@G @mm ì Ãmyû.
a`¿É«S@G @Lny sMbN[@yN ktýó krn ìq&` kNd`y@M a@PK;`v @mm rhS
ÄÓy sMÖRn@yNm ¿yv` @Wr#M g#Ïmt oîN, smW @vw#û yNny. nËW @mµ ×ñ ply ÁmK îvW,
@mÀ @Lny m°N em @ ìq&`y` sh gÎwy` ÓÄb> nv
unNÚvK q#L@vÐ a#w.
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