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WSWS : v^W h` |@L;n: @r~py

"@r~py sl`k mw"

a#FgN Q[y h` @r~y [nv`q@Y uX@w~@k~ky

Europe on rations: the Afghan war and the dilemma of European capitalism

tR v`RS
2002 m`R 19

ap @m phw pl kr lbN@N, @l~k sm`jv` @vB ad@Y j`w&Nwr kRw^ mNdl@Y s`m`k, tR v`RS 2002 jnv` 17 n p#vW @Q\ny. ey OS@y`@V sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;y D vr p#vW j`w&Nwr p`slt ipW @kr#n.

jnv` 01 q` @r~y rtvL @q`lhK l nv qlK hNv` .  yn 300k @r~yyN @p@st`, r`, #KSm`RK $NK sh m`RK @vvt q#N @r~ nm# @p` ql X`w` kr.

@r~ kl`py, p^g`ly, Sp`y, iw`y h` y qKv` Nsy hrh` qnt q, @bLym, lKsMbRG, OlNqy, jRmy h` OSy`v qKv` NlNwy m[&@yN urt q v&`Pw @V. @r~p` sAgm@Y vWmN s`m`k rtvL ph@l`v awN w`n&y, @dNm`Rky h` Sdny pmnK @myt sMbN[ n#w.

@r~v hNv` m, mh`Qpy l a`Rk Ek`w`v @qst, [`n yvrK @y~jny krn awr, E aR}@yN slkn kl s#kyN @w`rv ey g @v. pl vr bln t @mm yvrW, a#FgN  Q[yW awr a#W@W d` sb>w`vK y# y@mt h#@<Nnt vn. @k@S nW L @eh`k sNqRXyK l bh` bln t @mm QN @qk sp aNwR sb>w`vyN Kw b#V @p y a#w. py q\ky r` j`w&Nwr @Q\p`ln@Y n`y Qyt @mm @qkm sMbNw y: @s~yT sAgmy > v#@mN p @l~ky n#vw @bq` g#m, @l~k bly h` @g~y ak`ry s>h` [`n blyN awr r` y argl y.

vsr nkt @pr`v w}& qL Ekky @ls @r~v hNv` N t sh @r~y qL awr vm`r# ap`wyN |w @ls ym @kr# t j`w&Nwr @vW s<r`vN mK n# vN @mm yv@R v#qgWkm s`kCc` @kn. [`n j`w&Nwr ql @ls StRnyt w#n 1920 gnNvl @d`lry N aW krgW w#N ptN eKsW jnpq a`RkytW, e lyK @ls, ej @Q\p`ln ak`rytW eLl \`lwm a@y~gy @r~v yn gmnyt o av\&@yNm elnh.

eKwr` a#mk` a`Rk q&`y vn @D bRGStN, @f`N a@fy`S s<r`vt @m@S y: "@r~v yW m mN, @qvn @l~k Q[@yN p a#mk`@V ak`rvW w#n gw h#, nv Q-#v j`w&Nwr a`Rk pRy`yk a@PK;`vN a# kr.... @r~v, @d`lr@Y j`w&Nwr l& ak`ryt a@y~gyK mt @h`>tm id a#w."1

@DK IbT pqn@M k`\nyk, wvW jRm` sgy sthN kr @N, @r~y l& sAgmy, "ej @Y an`gw bl`k`ryt, Xvmy vs@yN vd`W blg a@y~gy" bv . "@r~vW smg, vsr h#Ww$vK l pl vrt @d`lryt blg r#Q[v`y l# @B."2

a#mk` `G[ny, wm ak`ryt eLl a# @mm a@y~gyt @r~[yK @n`m#v ytW @n`v a#w. wm a`Rk wWvyt eLl a# @mm a@y~gyt lnyK @ls ey wm  t bly @y`q` g. vWmN a#FgN Q[y l wm a`@Vy uCcS}`ny k`\yt pW kl` q, py q\ky r` nr`vRw a#mk` tv` r`y`Mvl yN p#v wRkny @my .

an`gw eKsW jnpq-@Ry` g#M

apt @m q#kgw  h# vN@N an`gw @Q\p`ln vR[nyN vd vd`W aXvny kl h# g#mk jyN y. vWm@N @Q\p`lkN sh Swr c`rkN aw@l`SsK pmnK Q@Y gN@N v q, @l~k a`Rk@Y k kr#vl t s#l kl a#mk` h` @r~y av\&w` awr g#m av`Ry y. -@Q\p`lk blp$m sh a`Rk av\&w` s>h` @k@rn argly, vd vd`W v^w tmy r$p`k`ryN aW kr g a#w.

@mm g#M mn r$p`k`ryN g q# apt an`gw v`k& p#vy @n` h#k - a#mk`vt e@r, r#y`v aNwRgw kr gW @h~ @n` gW y @r~y blyN@G sN[`nyK; a#mk` dn@Y bN i w# nv @r~pyK; ny, r#y`v h` iNy`vt e@r a#mk`-@r~p` sN[`nyK.... nW apt |wv v h#K@K @mm g#Mvlt s`mk` smK p#vy @n` h# bv .

sWwNm, a @M @qs @@qvv`v @n` blN@n. kMkr# pNy N @r~[y q#Kmt @n` h# v @h`W av`Ry@yN y h#K@K Nvn @l~k Q[yK pm. q#nt @vN pvWn` sNwN mN, a#mk` h` @r~y `G[ny e@nkt e@rv ӵvn awr 1945N @mt pm`n@Y t r` y`M Rm`ny @k@rN pv. @mmN sm`j a`wN e aNwytm vR[ny @k@rn awr @Q\p`lk kMpnyN Rm`ny kr a#w. @m ly v a#W@W qslK; sA&`w mhjnw`v clny krvN oN @Q\p`lny @qst h#rm . a@P arn ont \`vnyK sMp`qny m . wvW ar`j&v` Q[yk wRjny sMbN[@yN ekm w}& sm sm`jv` y`m`Rgyk pqnm yt@W j`w&Nwr kMkr# pNy eKsW m .

@mm arn s`K;`W kr g#@M m[& aK;y vN@N, j`kv`q@Y sh S@v~Wwmv`q@Y mn @h~ aA m`ykt e@rv krn argly . @my @r~py sMbN[@yN @|wv v#qgW y. mNq yW yM a`k`ryk Rvl S}`nyk wm` n bv q#k gNn` ey, a#mk`vt e@rv eLl @k@rn S@v~Wwmv`qy v`m`Ak vqN m`l`vN ph@vN a`vrny kr gw h# b#.

ej tv`q@Y r`y`Mvlt a@P r vN@N eyt @r~[y q#Km s>h` @r~y a`Nvlt a`y`cn` m @n` @V. ap, @tKs` @j~RJ dB @G kV@b~ upmvlt e@rv sh K shgw @r~y \`rq @Q\p`ln `ny @n` ӵvN@n. ejy h` ss>n t @r~py vWm@N Rvl S}`nyk p#vy h#k. nW ih`sy N qR\ny @k`t a#W@W @r~y [@N|vry -- @|;@yNm jRm` [@N|vry -- @mm av` shgw wWvy jy g#m s>h` qrn uWs`h@Y vd`W M@LCc apr`[ s>h` qK; bv .

ej ar`j&v`q@Y vWmN r` y`m smSw [@N|vr pQ[@Y sy @n` h# prSpr @r~[yN@G ly bv a av@b~[ kr gN@n.

eKsW jnpq a`Rk tmy sh @Q\p`ln ak`r@Y lyN

ak`rvW a`Rk h` @Q\p`lk bly @ls eKsW jnpq@Y n#Gm py yv@S L X`gyt ayW @V. 19 vn yvs avs`nyt l<` @vQ a#mk`v @VgvW k`Rk h` a`Rk vR[nyN aWpW kr g. j`k @Q\ m`vN, evkt p#v# m`vN L X`vy l, e a`Rk vR[ny r>v` g#m sMbN[@yN vd`W p X`vykt iw` iKmN pW y. ejy ar`j&v` s`rny a`rMX k@L y -- plv k#ݡyN @Q\ l h` q a#mk`v l, pv @r~py l. pl @l~k Q[y p#r mh`Qpy r` ej ak`r@Y a`rMXy sl k@L y.

Q[y N a#mk`v nAv`, @r~py Lv` q# awr @l~k aK;@Y nGn sh h m`r#mK a# @kn. @r~y blyN e@nk` n`\ kr gN NN bvt pW w l a#mk`v, Q[y N @pr @n` r$ a`k`ryt vd`W blg h` [nvW y. kN @r~pyt sh yLltm ihN eAglNwyt ayWv , X`Nd s>h` [`n kMh@L, [`n gbd`@V k`v q, @l~k@Y m[&m b#Akr#v`@G k`v q ejy X`r gW@W y.

ej@Y @Q\p`ln ak`ry, e a`Rk ak`ry mw pqnM y. @l~k@Y rNvN yyt 60K kr gW oN @l`v [`n X`NdyN@gN 1 h` 23K awr m`nyK pq y. @l`v k`R ΍p`qn@yN yyt 80K q, @wLvN yyt 70K q sh ykd h` v`@N ΍p`qn@yN yyt 60K q a#mk` y l ΍p`qny @k.

Q[@yN @r~py NN bvt pW awr  mK n# @Q\m`vlt k# @Y y. Ev` a#mk` ny mw y# awr, e dn@yN @r~g`r y. [nv`qy l @mvN v&snyN @w`r m`vwK @n` y. mNq yW kMkr# pN v&`p`ry n`ykWv aRq@yN pK;{`w awr @r~y [nv`qy f#STv`qy nM vsAgwy vR[ny k@L y. f#STv`q@Y ar @qkK y: kMkr# pN v&p`ry n`\ m sh t bly m`[& kr gN [nv` mry aNw@yN @g`dE@M m`vwK kp` g#m. 1918 @r~py sA[`ny kr g#@M l` a@p`@h`sW jRmy, 1941 yW vrK uWs`h @k`t e q as`R}k y.

nv m mN wm rt l sm`j aRqy smhN kr g#mt sh n` jRmyt sh jp`nyt e@rv @gn y Q[@Y rn`Wmkv m#hWmt eKsW jnpq a`Rk i M a# wrM s$@hn bv sn`} y. nW Q[@Y br kv q#r#@V @s~yT sAgmy y. St#Nv`q@Y @~ k`v ym f#STv`qyt e@r argl@Y e jnw`vN@G r bl pr`myN bl g#Nmt h#m @H@vN @s~yT sAgmy Q[@yN mv a` [`n srqy y. nW e avs`n l@Y ,

a#mk` qL, @s`Lq`vN h` a`[ rn`Wmk k`vK r< q#K y.

Q[@yN p eKsW jnpq@Y a`Rk, t h` @Q\p`lk ak`ry aN kvrq`tW vd` blg y.

@k@S nW @r~py l sm`jv` Plvy m< h#rm s>h`W, @s~yT sAgmy a`NmT m s>h`W, E smgm wm`@Gm X`Nd sh `G[ny apnyny m s>h`W wm @r~y h` jpN ev`Nt sh@y~gy mt sh on@G a`RkyN n#vw @g`d n#Am s>h` uqV mt eKsW jnpqyt bl @kn.

1960 gnN avs`n@Y , eKsW jnpqyt, ΍p`qn h` @vl> K@@Y wm ak`rvW bly \`l vs@yN a y. @r~p` sAgm@Y a`Rk ps`[ny ejyt sm`n awr @l~k @vl>`@M K@@Y e pAv ej pAvt sm`n y. jp`ny N adK pqv` apnyny kl awr -- y@m @my w`vk`k uCc`vcnyK @S s#ly h# v q -- @M qKv` ey e@Sm p#vn. 1971 a@g~S@V , ej-jn`p KsN N, @tN DS l& m Ek p`R|yv avlA m mN @l~k a`Rk@Y, blsb>w`vN a# pvRwny e vd`W n`tk`k`r @Q\p`ln k`\ny aW kr gW@W y. Q[y avs`n@Y aWsN wbn lq m mN p|c`W q k`n a`Rk pQ[yt pqnm q# awr a#mk` a`pw&y whr# @kn.

@s~yT sAgmy smg a`rl a`rMX mW smg @r~py sh a#mk`v awr a`wN s#ly wrM vR[ny y. jRm` [@N|vry l smhr @k`tS, @|;@yNm eSԬy l, @m`SkV sh n#@gnr bRny smg sp sb>w` ӵv` g#m mN ej@yN vd`W Sv`n @M avS}`vK q#k gWh.

1973 , nv aWl`NK mK sMbN[@yN qr# v`q v`q htgW awr smSw vR;y r`m ey a#Q @Y y. ej r`j& @LkM @hN NgR av[`rny k@L, @r~py sMbN[@yN a#mk` a`rK;n shkyN a`Rk K@y l @r~y shnyN smg b# p#vy bv . avs`n@Y , 1974 aWl`NK k`\@yN sN[`n@Y @r~y s`m`kyN evN bN[nyK gWh. "on@G a`rK;k sb>w`, @Q\p`ln h` a`Rk K@yN sAv` sb>w`vyN mN \KmW v a#w#" o shk h.3

@M k`l@Y ej mN @y`qn lq dny, @r~y Ek`bQ[w`vykt blg blp$mK a# k@L y.

a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g @n` krn w`K rtl 20 gnNvl a# a`k`r@Y @Q\p`ln aRqyN sh sm`j klb#g$N n#vw a#m mg hrv` g#m s>h` sh @Q\ m` sh r# b ivW m @H@vN a#mk` X`Ndvlt sh `G[nyt mh`Qpy ph@vN m h#m s>h` @r~y Ek`bQ[w`vy s>h` eKsW jnpqy y . q#N @r~y [@N|vr@Y [`n @k`tS a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g @M m`[&yK @ls @r~y Ek`bQ[w`vy q#k g#mt ptN gWh.

1970 gnN l @r~p` sAgmy s$@hn wrM gyK aW kr g. Nsy, w`n& s`m`kWvyt qKvn lq @r~[y aW h@L y. s`m`kWvy nv@Y t @q`lh qKv` q avs`n@Y 15t ihl n#n. @b`@h~ K@vl akrnmy bl @Q\y v&`Pw m mN @r~y a`Rk j`v, @r~y j`v @ls pvRwny @kn. plv @r~y qL EkkyN awr sp bN[nyK s>h` gNn` lq uWs`hyN s`R}k kr gw h# y.

a`Rk k^whSwyN @ls @w@Mm slk` gW Ns jn`p v#l Sk`RD eS#NG sh jRm` c`NslR @hLT DT yn @q@qn`  awr o @mm sNw@Y k k`v r< p$@v~ y.

@k@S nW ejy smg g#mt y` h# |w rK y. wl q @vw @n`wk`m, @s~yT sAgmy smg mLlw`vy @m@w @l~k @Q\p`ln@Y ak`rvW s`[ky y. @r~p` sAgmyt wm tmy a`rK;`v s>h` ejy av\& y. ejy @m@w "w&`g apy`" @ls qR\ny y. e t a`pw&y, @r~y av\&w`vK @ls s#ln.

@s~yT sAgmy > rm mN @mm m`vN ivW kl awr ak vs@yN @r~py sh a#mk`v awr sb>w` @vnS k@L y.

@s~yT sAgmy kd` v#@M a#<M

eK awN a#mk` p`lk @V s#ly @k`tsK @s~yT sAgm@Y aX`vy, an@y~ @g~y a`pw&yK S}`w kr g#@M avS}`vK @ls q#k gWh. eKwr` jRm` ih`s@yt av, "a`pw&[` n`ykWvyK s>h` kM m, 1990 vn @wK btr @l~ky qKv` m` v q, ey @g~y p`lnyK qKv` s`rny y."4

a@nK awt @r~y v q#k gW@W wm`, ej a`pw&yt ytWv @M kvr @h~ av\&w`vK wv rtW @n`m# bv . ihw @Lky`m yn p "a#mk` a`pw&yt @r~py Ek`bQ[ m, @s~yT sAgmy smg p#v# g#mt g#t g# n. e avs`nyW smg em Ek`bQ[w`vy rR}k @qyK bvt pW y". @r~y [@N|vry wm p`r-aWl`Nk @k`tSkr#v`@gN sm`nWvy iLl` @Y y -- ej y ek<mt q`nM iLmK K;kvm v`@G aq vn @wK @n` s g#M m`l`vK vR[ny y.

a`Rk mTt@M , ejy @m@w ak`rvW S}`nyK pvWv`@gn yn eK K@yk @r~py ej t a@y~g k@L y.

@l`v [`n qL @ls @d`lr@Y k`v

vn`k@M r`yK @ls, vm`r# m`[&yK @ls sh lmy h` Qgk X`w`kr#vN@G M Ekky @ls @d`lry a@nW kvr @h~ w qlkt vd` @qvn @l~k Q[@yN p v#qgW y. 1990 gnNvl agX`g@Y j`w&Nwr @vl> @p`l mw @d`lr@Y br, 90 gnNvl m#q X`g@Y br @mN @qnyktW vd` v# y. @my a#mk` a`Rky mN @l~k ql j`k ΍p`qnyt sh @vl>`mt @k@rn pq`ny h` slkn kl iw` v# br. 1995 @l~k @vl>`@mN yyt 50kt iw` a`sNn \wyk sh smSw aNwR @r~y @vl>`@M @nN ekk X`Ndvl l ym @kr#@N @d`lr@y. l ym m aN @d`lryt l#@N Ek`k`r @wvn S}`ny. j`w&Nwr b#A nyvN yyt 77K s>h` q, j`w&Nwr a#pkrvN yyt 40K s>h` q, @r~y qL w#NpvN yyt 44K s>h` q ql @ls @y`q` g#@N @d`lry . @g~y qL w#NpvN yyt 62K @d`lRvN q, It sAsNqn`Wmkv yyt 26K @r~p` sAgM qLvN q p#v.

@d`lr@Y ak`rvW k`v ej `G[ny mw s#ly v` aW kr . ey j`w&Nwr vWkM sh a`@y~jnyN a`kR\ny kr g#mt phv sls` . ej ak`r@y~, \`l pq`syk SkL @vW @w~r` g#@M bly K Nq`h; @Qy a`N @d`lr@Y S}`vrX`v@Y av\&w`v@yN @pn`h.

@r~y l& sAgmy

@s~yT sAgmy, mW a`k`r@yN r#v` h# 1991 @qs#Mbr@Ym @r~p` sAgm@Y r`j& [` m#STC h @d`lryt e@r [`n a@y~gyK eLl klh. o 1999 t @r~y l& sAgmy S}`w mt N klh.

@mm N@V pN g`mk blyN @Y, Ns jn`p Nv` w@r`N sh jRm` c`NslR @hLT @k~L y.

w@r`Nt av, n#vw Ek`bQ[ @mN anr#v @r~py l \`lwm sh a`Rkmy vs@yN \KmWm bly jRmy p`lny @k`t wb` g#m l& sAgmy m`[&yK y. a@nK awt @k~L |v`s k@L @r~py l ak`rvW k`v r<q#Km s>h` l& sAgmy jRmyt id @q a# bv . jRmy n#vw vrK @qkl` @V y# o a#d@n~R@G @g~ly @S y v# wm @r~y asLv#yN smg ey spv Ek`bQ[ mt uWk y. @d`lr@Y ak`rvW k`vt, a@y~g m s>h` l& sAgm@Y aw&v\&w`v sMbN[@yN @k~L sh w@r`N @q@qn`m ek< h.

@r~p` sAgmy mN N krn lq a@nW @b`@h~ ز k`n v&`p^Nvlt pK;v l& sAgmy ym kr gW @Vl`vtm y`Wmk y. m#SC s#lM kr gW p 1999 jnv`@Y @b`@h`myK @r~p` sAgM qL @r~v mN w`K;kv S}`pny @kn. vsr nkt p, @M ms a`rMX@Y , b#A @n~T sh k` S}`pny awr @r~y jnw`vt @r~v @X_k y}`R}yK y.

@mm yvrt mh` @Q\p`ln a#<M a#w. eKwr` jRm` K;ky sthN kl p: "@my mN aWl`NK sN[`ny l bl v&`P@Y k# @p@nn @vnSkM a# @k@R. m#SC @Vqny kl @r~p` sAgmy, apt q#ngNnt l# sAkLpyK pmnK @Y nM, aq n ey v#qgW K@yK l y}`R}yK bvt pWv a#w. e s`m`kyN @q`@l`S @q@n, @d`lR kl`py aW h#y` pmnK @n` v o @l~k@Y @qvn [`n ql @ls @r~v @g`d n#h.... btr @r~py, ejy mw y#@mN qhSm nv nykt @SN y. @my @v`Ntny l p#h#v sthN v a#w."5

t mTt@M , a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g m @r~pyt iw` ڍkr y. @m a#mk` v`y 쩍 y. smSw n#@t~ yqMvN, @d`lR yn 283K a#mk` pq`ny, y @r~y n#@t~ s`m`kyN@G smSw pq`nyt vd` yyt 50K v# y. ejy wm ql j`k ΍p`qn@yN yyt 3.1K t kt s>h` @y`qvn awr, sAsNqn`Wmkv @r~y s`m`n&y yyt 2.2K q, jRm@Y yyt 1.5K q @V.

@k@S nW @mm agyN \K@Y ym m`ny ġ @n` kr. eKsW jnpq a`rK;k am`w&A\@Y a[&nykt av @r~y n#@t~ blyN@G \Ky on@G a#mk` a@nK p@V \K@yN qh@yN ekK pm.

@my @Hv vN@N s$m @r~y rtktm wm`@Gm p`ln v&hyK p#vm sh wm`@Gm pR@Y;n sh sAvR[ny s>h` yqM q#mt m . @b`@h~ yqM vN@N pn sh v#P s>h` y. @r~py wm hq`vN yt@W @s`Lq`vN yn 2.3K pvWv` @gn y. N @b`@h`myK @qn` iw` a vK l#@v~ @v. t pwv a#mk`vt N@N v^Wymy @s`Lq`vN yn 1.4. @m lyK @ls a#mk` t ay-v#@yN p h` v#P @ls v#y vN@N yyt 39. jRm@Y ey yyt 60K q, p^g`l@Y yyt 79K q @V. @l~m vs@yN eK @s`Lq`v@G t upkrn s>h` a#mk`v yqM krn ql, @r~y s`m`n&y sh jRmy smg ss>n kl N ny.

t sASkrn b> @r~y uWs`hyNt av, Ev` sA@KNny @k a#W@W Ek`bQ[ p`ln v&hyN @g`d n#Amt, a#mk` q upkrn ΍p`qkyN@gN Sv`nv Ek`bQ[ a`[ s#kM v&`p^ vR[ny mt (nv vN bS t v`hn vN y`ny v#), XtN@G sA&`v a mt sh wm @s`Lq`vN ihl vK lq v^Wymy @s`Lq`vN bvt pW mt y.

@k@S nW, ym @r~y a`N wm q#v#Nw ay-v#y prwry smg @p`rbqN n @k`N@Q yt@W sh t yqM blg @ls mhjn as`qyt pWv a# w yt@W @my, iw` yqM sw Gg# v&`p^y. sm`j @Sv`vN s>h` yn yqM q#v#Nw @ls kp` qmN yn m`vw oS@S gmN krn t @mm t yqM sMbN[ @r~[y @|w y.

wv r pvs@w`W, @my s`K;`W kr g#m s @p` n&`y pyK kr` elm @r~y [@N|vryt a ڍkr k`RyyK a#w. @r~py mw ej dny gtm @y@qN p#vy , aNwR-@r~y wr<k`WvyN -- @|wv w`n&y, Nsy h` jRmy -- @m@w [`n k`vK r<n awr, ey vd`W w @k@rn n#r#vK pv.

1990 t, @l~k @Vk`@V Sv`n t h` @Q\p`ln k`vK s>h` @r~pyt id lb`@M eLly swv rn gnn`vK g l#n -- sh @k`tsK y`Wmk @kn. N vd`Wm v#qgW @qy @ls s#k rwv k`\ kl h#K@K 1992 aWsN wbn lq m#SCT m . ey @r~y l& sAgmy s>h` pmnK sMp`qny vK @n` v,  @p` @Q\ @vwK s>h` q sMp`w vK y. زk`nv slkn t ey @Q\p`ln sAgmyK Rm`ny m  s>h` slk` blN .

wrmK @pr`v S}`w krn lq, jRm`-Ns @Sn`Aky @mm vsr lm smSw @r~y @Sn`Aky @ls pvRwny @kn. E smg btr @r~p` sAgmy -- p|c`W q k`l@Y w v#NqvK -- nRvny @k`t @r~p` sAgm@Y a`rK;k sArcky @ls S}`w @kn. Ns jn`p w@r`N sh jRm` c`NslR @k~L @p` k`\nyK mN p#h# kl p @mm yvr @q@k arn @Y, "@r~p` sAgmyt Sv`n t y`vN s>h` m`[&yN sMp`qny kr m ."6

@r~p` sAgm@Y t Sv`nWvy s>h` yW @k@rn evN kvr @h~ v&`p^ykt eKsW jnpqy, w`n&@Y q sh@y~gy swv, a`rMX@Y iw` wN @r~[y q#K y. btr @r~p` sAgmy, @r~p` sAgm@Y a`rK;k hSwy bvt pvRwny @M sh Sv`n @r~y t v&hyk hqvw @ls @r~ @Sn`Aky ӵ@M s#lMvlt jn`p (@j&) p#h# @lsm r#Q[ y.

1991 @pbrv`@Y ej y N yvn lq r`j& w`Nk sthnk gr#sr#vN @w`rv @m@S k`\ @kn; "a@P qR\nyt av, n#@t~@V k`v n#vw aR} k}ny krN sh m` krN, e v&hy Rvl krN @h~ |w s`m`k sk@G S}My b`[kyK Rm`ny krN @r~y nK i mt qrn uWs`hyN @n`mg y`mkt y h#k. evN uWs`hyNt blg @ls @r~mt a bl`@p`@r`W @v."

"1994 t 1999 qKv` SkL vR;yN s>h` a`rK;k s#lM y`mky" nM ej a`N k`\n@Y @m@S s>hN @V: "ej y @r~y Ek`krn arnt sh@y~gy @qn awr, n#@t~vt vl k#y h# @r~yyN-pmnK a`rK;k s#lM mm -- @|;@yNm sN[`n gwvN@G Ek`bQ[ bl v&hyK mm -- v#l#Kmt ap uWs`h kl y."7

n#@t~@V @r~y sArck@Y blg k`vt y`vK @ls Ek`bQ[ n#@t~ t v&hyt n#vw p#mt Nsy ek< t KNtN pp`lny yM wrmk a`kLpyK gW awr yM sMyK kr` eln. btr @r~p` sAgm@Y aдhy yt@W @r~p` sAgm@Y Sv`n t y`vN s>h` avsr l#y h# @k`l eyK 1994 sLS-n#@t~ s@vN W y. @k@S nW v#qgW @k`N@QyK y: evN y`vN kl W@W n#@t~ kNl@Y Ekmk Nv. @mmN ejyt @[ blyK p#vn.

@r~y a`N, @M a`k`r@Y ktvN p b#Ssy @n` h# y. 1997 a#MStRd$M @mN @r~p` sAgmy, @p` @Q\ sh a`rK;k @vwK vR[ny @M wm s#lM Ndny k@L y.

@mm Nv y`Wmk m, w`n& a`S}`n@Y m`r#mN ph @kn. vd`W Sv`n t k`vK s>h` gNn` lq y Ns h` jRm` a`rMXkWvyNt w`n& a`Nv @pr avr kl n, 1998 @qs#Mbr@Y \`Nw m`@l~ p#v Ns-w`n& sv l @r~y t@Y S@@v k`vK s>h` w`n& agm# @t~ B@ly`R wm p#h# sh@y~gy k`\ k@L y.

B@ly`R@G sh Ns jn`p j#K rK@G Ek`bQ[ k`\n@Y @m@S s>hN y: "j`w&Nwr aRqyt c`r q#Km s>h`, |v`svNw t blyN@G bly lbn S@@v y`vN s>h` [`w`v ql Ev` X`w` @M N g#mt ev# q$ mt q`nM m`[&yN q sAgmy N s`K;`W kr gw y."

t Sv`nWvy s>h` @r~y a`y`syN@G pvRwy lK;&y h` uW@rky bvt pW @k`@s~@v~ Q[y N w`n& pvRwn@Y pm s#k y.

@r~y Swr c`rkyt av ej y "wm wr<kr#vN phw @hmt sh wm a`pw&@yN W n#@t~v pmnK @r~py l a`rK;k bly @ls Srs`rv y`Wmk m s>h` @mm avS}`v @y`q` gW@W y." o @m@S @c~qn` kr: "@r~y ty, bl`@p`@r`W rw @ls pg`, ak`RyKm sh p#r w`l@Y tyK bv iw` @h`N @pNM k@L y. sRy`vt e@r Q[y N @kr#@N MSN, sN[`n@Y vN hq` lS}`n@Y t @n` v a#mk` @pNtgny l . em N y`Wmk m s>h` n#@t~vt y#n. a#mk` ز-pr`s @b~Mbkr#vN@G gmn b>v sN[`nyt q#M N@N @h~ @n`m#w."8

ihw kvry` pvsn @ls, 1999 m`s@Y p#v @k`@l~N s@V @r~p` sAgmy @mm "avm`nyt" c`r q#K y. wm`@Gm hq` blyN S}`w m s>h` sAKw yvryN pyK N @kn. 2003 vn t q`nMv w#mt bl`@p`@r`W vn 50,000W 60,000W awr @r~-@Sn`AkyK S}`w mt ey aqhS kr. @mm @r~-@Sn`Aky Sv`n sh a#mk` hq`vN@G w`K;k mTtmt sm`n wWv@Y ekK v a#w.

em vsr lm p#v @hLN s@V q, 2002 ms p#v r` s@V q, @k`@l~N s@V g l# N wv rtW sAKwkrny y. |wvm ey p`r-aWl`NK sb>w` b>v pvRwn lK;&yK sthN k@L y: t shkr#vN, t wr<kr#vN bvt pvRwny m @mm yv@R @Q\p`lk a`y vd`W p#h# y. jRm` a`rK;k a#m r@d`LF ;`NG k`\ kl p, ey, a#mk`v h` @r~py awr "ym sm`nw`vy" pqn@M "nv smlnyK" Rm`ny mt ar kr --9

@k`@l~N s@vN p sh @r~v S}`w @mN anr#v vR[nyN@gN @pNM @k@rN@N a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g @M @r~y uWs`hyN @b`@h~ s`R}k @n` bv . @r~v, ey mw > bl`@p`@r`W i k@L n#w. aWl`Nky @qps @b`@h~ k^whSwN bl`@p`@r`W p @d`lryt e@rv ey n @vvt, vsr nkt @pr`v ey hNv` N @m`@h`@W ptN e agy k`RvN phw v#. j`w&Nwr `G[n g#M a`kR\ny kr g#m aN @d`lry, @r~vt vd` blg b#V sn`} k@L y.

@my |wvm, aNwyt > v# pqnM mw r>` pvWn` a#mk` a`Rk@Y @@nsRk \K@Y a#<mK @n` @V. a#mk`v aRqyk @v n "wWvy slk` b# t @r~v n#vwW s#ly wrN nw# yn aqhs ivw y @n` h#k. e@hW, e a`rMXk v#m, a#mk`v smg g#m u vn t Vr y h#, @r~y [nv`q@Y amhW prSpr @r~[yN sh g#tvl @pNM kr.

@r~py sh a#FgS}`nyt e@r Q[y

t mTt@M , sRy`vt e@r Q[y @Sm a#FgN Q[y, a#mk` q yNy sMbN[@yN @r~y t@Y nX`vy an`vrny k@L y.

@mm Q[@Y ekm arn, a#mk` a`pw&yt eLl @k@rn @r~y a@y~gy nwr m s>h` @r~y wr<kr#vN Rvl m y# p#vm a\@y~KyK y h#k. nW |wvm ey [`nwm arvN ek.

a#mk` q uWs`hyN [`n @l~p`k ar @qs b# t @my iw`mW p#h# y: @l`v vd`W v#qgW bl \K sMpW p`lny m sh kl`pyN l hq` k>r# S}`pny m -- SGV @@sNSt av -- 21 v# yv@S @l~k bly s>h` [`n yr .

nW, E smgm, vd`W a`sNn aR}@yN, @mm Q[y mN a#mk`vt a@y~g @k@rn @r~y uWs`hyNt yN vl k#@P. ey, @r~py v#r p@yN aLl` @gn a#w.

Q[y a#r t, @p` @r~y @Q\ @vwK S}`w @M uWs`hyN k# . @k`@s~@v~ Q[@yN p @r~y @Q\ @vW @y~wy` @ls pW @kr# @SyR @s`l`n` sh @Q\ @vW @k`ms`S S p#tRN@G nM uQ[^wyN@gN ar#qhN y. @Q\ @vW y`vt n#Am lNdny, p#y sh bRny awr Sr vs@yNm n`tk pW y. pp`lnyt @k`N@Q rwv a`[`r kl @t~ B@ly`R@G h s`my, @|wv @p` @r~p` c`rykt a# kvr @h~ idkdK a@@[RymW k@L y.

y h# pm, y @r~y a`N, ej a`Nv gW @vw, sMbN[@yN wm @k`N@Q rw shy a v# vs@yN k`\yt pW klh. @mm y`v ps ej N g l# a`mn iyV mN a# krn lq yv#QMvl ɜnyK sh Q[yt wm` shX` v@h`W @wL sh @l~p`k blp$m s>h` mh` d`@vN wm` mNm ivW y h# bvt p#v y q y.

@k@S nW, pp`lny smg eKv @k@rn sh@y~w`v@Y k`\ hrh` @r~py h` a#mk`v awr a`wN phv @g`S a#w# gmnykt b#m mNm s`vq& y. a`N @y~wyN@G l k`\ s`m`n&@yN, r`j& w`Nk KmM mN m[&S} @k@rn awr, s^v a`Nv vg @n` yNn` @Q\p`lkN@G k`\ sh vN @r~p` @V ym a`kLpy b>v v#mnW @qyK y@V. wv rtW, @Q\p`ln sAS}`w@Y l a`kLpy sh s#ly m`nyk vW pW v`Rw`vl s`ry awr pvWn` prwry, Q[y @k@r @r~y c`ry vd`W k# @p@nn p#vN ek.

q#nt a gnNvl pvn t jRm` jn`p @hLT DT ej @Q\ @v@W gmN p}y sMbN[@yN @r~y @V h#M vd`W gr#sr#@vN @w`rv k`\ kl @Q\p`lk@y. s#Pw#MbR 11 QNt vsrkt iw` a`sNn k`lykt @pr`v "nv yvs l @r~p@Y SvyA bl whr#v"10 nM uQ[^wy yt@W hM@b~LDT srs@Y o [`n @Q\nyK k@L y.

"a#mk`vN w` N@N @s~yT sAgmy ar#qhN@mN p @l`v ekm bly wm` bv . @my Ek`Nw sw&y. smhr# t vd` ymK w. enM smSw @l~ky p`lny @M arn, emN ont l# a# bv . @my s`vq& y. oN bl`@p`@r`W vn a`k`ryt oN yLl qWwN @n` @V. a#mk`@V @Q\p`ln pNyt vWmN k`lyW, @l~k Q sMbN[vW a# av@b~[y iw` w y. @Mv` @pr wWvyNt vd` @vnS y."

1999 a# kr gW ek<w`v mN sN[`n@Y @Q\ m`vN@gN tw @k@rn m#hWM sMbNwv n#@t~v p`v` a#w# o e ek<w` pk`vt phr eLl k@L y. "@mm pN a# aqhs vN@N a#mk`vN @jnr`Lvr#N, q ahSy`n` sh cNk` spyn awr @r~yN @s`Lq`vN s#py bv ." o p#v y.

o Il<t @|;@yNm @y` @Y vWmN Q[y ps n @m`lk`rN@gN @k@n vn SGV @@sNS @vw y. DT iyt yN @m@S y` @Y y; "eKwr` N}yk sh [`n yk o p#h#v k`\ k@L @Ry` mh`Qpy @mLl @k`t w#@M arn sw ekm bly a#mk`v bv . @my ahAk`@r~Nm`qyt sm`nkM qr." "ey myK @n`@V", DT gmnykt b. @b`Sy` sh @k`@s~@v~ aWq#MvN p @p` @Q\ sh a`rK;k @vwK S}`w mt @r~y a`N [`N m$wk brpwl @ls N klh. vsr qhykt @pr`v Nsyt @mm aqhs a#mt h#v nW aN kvr @h~ @r~yt nM @my w` g#mt ar# aqhsK y. aq n@Y nM @v`Ntn@Y bl`k`ryt @p` c`ry ey .

@r~p` m`[& a#mk`v mw eLlkl h`r 

Q[y a`rMX avS}`@V, Nsy, jRmy h` w`n&y l vW pW gnn`vK v^wv a#mk`vt phr eLl klh. @M s>h` ym a`qR\y @Y, jRm@Y [`n vW s<r`v vn q SgL y. @mm s<r`v a`N@V aX&Nwr kvyN smg sp sb>w`vK pvWv` @gn yn awr yn @qkk tpW a@l @V. ahmD rD@G wb`N: iSl`M, @wL sh m[&m a`y`@V mh` d`v nM N}y g`MrWvyt pW krN ey Q[yt y` k@L y. @mm N}y mN Q[@Y ym ar iw` p#h#v ipW @kn.

q SgL s<r`@V pl yK mN "nv ar`j&yK b> @v`Ntn@Y ny", blg @ls @Vcny @kn. "sh@y~w`v b> bl`@p`@r`W blg @S > v#n. s#Pw#MbR 11 q` h`rvN p ejy smg @k`N@Q rwv @plg# @r~yyN @M sMbN[@yN @|;@yN vgv y" e s>hN y.

ejy N j`w&Nwr sh@y~w`v K@p kl avS}` gnn`vK ut` q#Kmt ey gmN kr: EeM m Ekp`Kkv avlA m, wm v q&`Wmk a j`w&Nwr p`lnykt ytW m @n` g#m, @dN @HG j`w&Nwr akrny s>h` sh@y~gy m K@p m sh ej @n` vn rv#yN s>h` ej q akrn S}`w m.  @M awr, aWl`Nky a@nK ps pp`lny -- KNtN pp`lny yt@Wt vd` v^wvm -- wm @Q\ @v@W y`mk l[Rmy "j`k av\&w` b#> y`m" bv whr# k@L y. Rv pq`nyK mN, @M vn tW E sMbN[v SRn @ls s`kCc` @k`t a#w.

jn`pvrnyt @k klkt @pr`v vWmN a`rK;k up@Qk` @k`N@d`s` rS, "ej@Y @b`@h~ @q@n bl @Q\p`ln@Y, mh` blyN@G sh bl smlnyN@G h#MvN aphw`vyk pWv . (pWv yh)" yn kr#n sMbN[@yN sA@Vgy k`\ krn yK @f`N a@fy`S pl kl` y. a#y @m@S y: "a`Nk r$p`k`r@yN @mm aphw`vy, bl@Y w&`l aX&`sy s>h` @b`@h~ r`j&yN@G sh@y~gy @h~ ItW vd` ej` sA[`ny v# a`ywnvl sh@y~gy, aw&v\&k @V y yn |v`sy kr` el#mt y h#k. j`k av\&w`vy, "m`nv qy`@V av\&w`v" @h~ "j`w&Nwr j`v@G av\&w`v" mN S}`pny @kn. ejy y@m @h~ yM @qyK @v@vN y` krn t pmnK ey w&`l bl aX&`s@Y @y@qw# yn |v`sy Lsy` Nwny l g#N L b#s g. @m blg r`vyN KNtN pp`lny l y. y m`nv j`vt v` aWpW vn ymK @M vrqK n#w. nW ey eKwr` aR}yN @qvn gn@Y blp$m. a#mk`@V j`k av\&w`vN b#> y`m mN qhs, @vl> @p`l sh s`my vR[ny krn @k`N@Q Rm`ny v a#w."11

ap @mm k`\yN sh m$w @Q\p`ln vR[nyN @qs q, e@mNm a#mk`-@r~y sb>w`vl ih`sy sh Ev` yN p#v a`Rk kr# mw q, @nW @h t apt |wvm a@PK;` kl h#K@K i @Q\p`ln vR[nyN l a#mk`-@r~p` g#m vd vd`W Vr vn ak`rvW k`vK r< p$ h# bv . @Q\p`ln v`q@Y @b`@h~ pN pvn q$, av`Ry@yNm eyt r` @g`S ey Rn`yk @Q\p`lk s`[ky v a#w.

@mm sNwy b> p#h# av@b~[yN h` E sMbN[ p#h# a`kLpyN @w`rv kMkr# pN@Y @Q\p`ln Sv`nWvy S}`w kl @n` h#k. a@P arn ej ar`j&v`qyt e@r @Q\p`lkv Srs`r p`R|vyK sh It sm`nv @r~y [@N|vr@Y ar`j&v` stNkr#vNt e@r @Q\p`lkv Srs`r p`R|vyK Ek`bQ[ m .

a#mk`-@r~[v`q@Y n`my yt@W E E a`Nvlt pN @r~y mhjnw`v -- @|;@yNm m[&m pNN -- kr g#mt @r~p@Y a`Rk, sm`j sh @Q\p`lk |n sMbN[@yN a#mk`vt @q~;`@r~pny @M avK @n` pv a#w. e@mNm ej bly smg "sm`nw`vy" iLl` n @r~y tv`qy s`[`rkrny @k@rn uQ@{~;nvl q avK @n` v a#w.

@M vn tW, [@N|vr ߫kL @k`tS awN evN uWs`hyNt c`r q#n a#w. jRm` hwN s`mv`q@Y t ar`j&v` q k>rt m`r#@M amhW @Vg@Y @@v;k a#<mK a#w. jRm` hq`vN N, @Q\@yN tw, enM n#@t~ @Q\@yN tw, v`l`g#m sMbN[@yN wm m#vrn @Vk`@V o p#h#vm r#Q[ h. awrr k`l@Y @Q\ a#m, @j`k` ;R@G n`ykWv@yN oN a`[`r k@L @k`@s~@v~ sh m#@d~y`@V jRm` hq` v`l`g#mt pmnK @n` v @s~m`y` @vr@L q, iw` m$wk k`L q o jRm` hq` v`l`g#Mvlt a`[`r klh.

@lN@G ar`j&v`qy

pl @l~k Q[ k`ly l , ar`j&v`qy b> wm N}y l "yr# v#@tn pNN wm smSw@yNm, ar`j&v`q@Y p#Wwt m`r#m" ar`j&v` g@Y lK;nyK b#V @lN Swr k@L y; kMkr# pNyt @my @n` v#l@>n aNq@M \KyK n#w# o anr# a#< y. "a@nW pNN@gN @vN krn n mh` `k`ryK @n`m#w."12 @lN @pNv` N p kMkr# pNk @k`tS ar`j&v`q@Y p#Wwt a#q g#m s>h` avS}`v`qy, @Q\p`lk q^v`my y`NnyK @ls @Svy kr.

@my aqt vd`Wm g#l@P. Iy` @g~ykrn @r~ v&`p`r@Y l[ry l [@N|vr ߫kN awr, sm`j j`wNv`q@Y v`m v`vl, @pr St#Nv` l[` wN l sh v^Wy s l[` wN@Y v`m v` l, kMkr# pN@Y sm`j K g#n g#n krn v`c`l smg @r~y h` j`k S@v~Wwmv`qy  eK a`k`ryN @h~ wvW a`k`ryN kvlM krn mK n# vnw`@v~ @vW. "nv brL @g~ykrny" @ls hNvn @qy smg o a#mk`v ann& kr. a#mk` a`pw&yt e@r argl@Y o wm`@Gm a`N smg @p` a`yK @g`d n#m s>h`

em pqnm mw, nv @Q\p`ln v&`p`ryK @g`d n#m s>h` qrn uWs`hyN jRmy l iw` r g @g`S a#w. a#Tt#K  (ATTAC) sA[`ny -- @l~s@va @M b>v y` a#w -- t eSԬ n`yk oSk` l#@f`N@TN, ԬeS n`yk gR@g~R , n v^Wy s@Y t n`yk @dL@tF @hK@;, @n~Kk` hwN v# ayt sh wvW @b`@h~ ayt @Vk`vK spy` @Q. jnw`v \`l vs@yN shX` vn Q[ SMvl @Vk`vK @bq` hq` gN o spv a`y kr, e@nk`t iv aLl, on@G @n` ek<w` s`kCc` krN @K;k@Y c`ry pK;` kr.

@mm v&`p`r@Y s`R}kWvy @SW Rwv n#w. blg @@v;k blyN N mhjnw`vN vmt wL krQ, p`lk vt agw@M sNw@Y o iw` iKmN qnt m`r# @v. a@P p#W@wN krn blg @Q\p`ln m#hWmN, kMkr# pNyt nv m`[&k ulK a#tmt oN qrn uWs`hyN@G @gl s`R}kv y h#k.

1924 "@l~k vR[ny b> iqR\n" yn m#@yN p#v#W kw` @V "@r~py sl`k mw w#mt" a#mk`v aqhS krn bv @y`N @`TS p#v y.

"@r~pyt wr< @M h#y`vK sls` @n` mt a#mk` [nv`qy bl@p`@r`W @V; wm` @k` vn wWvyK a# vn b#N, eAglNwyt,  sh Nsyt, @|;@yNm jRmyt wm @l~k @vl> @p`l n#vw aLl` g#m s>h` id mt a#mk` [nv`qyt @n` h#k. mKs`q yW q#N ey apnyn [nv`qy -- X`Nd sh `G[ny yn @qkm apnyny kr. a#mk` [nv`qy @l~k@Y ap[` S}`nyt p#mt m`n blN ; eyt ap@G h@l~ky r` a#mk` ar`j&v` S@@v r`j&yK S}`w mt av\& y. eyt av\& a#W@W ey ."

e lyK @ls, "[nv` @r~py sl`k mw w#mt eyt av\& y" y# @`TS y. "ey N @vl> @p`l @k`tSvlt @bq a#w. @r~y l&kr#vN@G sh kRm`Nwkr#vN@G y`vN p`lny kr a#w. @k`pmn @t`N, tR sh @l~ $M sA&`vK sh mn v& pmnK l g#@M sh @M ayK @r~pyt aW q# ey N ym @k@r a#w."

vsr @qkkt pv, @mm kw`v gW, @p`W Ackt s#p @prvqnk @`TS @m@S y: "eKsW jnpq@Y, |my qnvn a \`l v& m`ny N [nv` @r~p@Y a`Rk p` ms` g#m sh nRvnyt a# h#y`v SvyAyv ivW kr. aw@Y @r~y [nv`qy N @l~k@Y pg` @k`tS Plkrny k@L nM aq n a#mk` [nv`qy N a pnw @r~py Plykrny @k@R. @mm a`Rk a`v^w aNw@yN g#l g#mt, r# b sh r`j& b`[k n`\ krN eKsW @s~yT @r~pyK Rm`ny krn sh ey @s~yT sAgmy sh a`y`@V qhS mhjnw`vN smg @fdrL a`k`r@yN Ek`bQ[ @k@rn R[n pNk PlvyN @w`r @vnW m`vwK a#yt @n`m#w. @mm q#v#Nw argl@Y av`Ry vR[ny N vWmN [np a|vryt, a#mk` eKsW jnpqyt, Ply gy shk @lst a`rMX kr @q a#w."14

|wv av\& @k@rn sA@\~[n swv @mm |@L;ny, e aq`lWvy aq qKv`m k g.

a#mk` a`Rk@Y s`@PK; br, ey vsr 75kt @pr wWvyt vd` iw` d`m, @r~pyt wm glv` g#m s>h` ekm m`[&y @ls p#v vR@sLS @mN p k`ly h` ss>n kl aq n ey mw dny am sh @HqyN am yn kr# @H@vN @l~ky ytW kr g#@M argly vd`W a`mn h` @VgvW SvX`vyK g a#w. @`TS 1926 @pr p, @my smg @r~py h` a#mk`v l R[n pNk Plvy iw` spv b# pv.

q#N -- 1920 gnNvl @mN -- a#mk`v smg g#m N @r~y [nv`qy a`v^w aNwykt gmN krv. R[n pNk Plvy h#r N g#lmt aN m`vwK @n`m#w. @my, p#r mh`Qpy l a`Rk, sm`k h` j`k g#M @VgvW kr.

@M b> a#<M @b`@h~ y. avv`q`Wmk h'vL N, @r~@V s`R}kWvy b> s#k phl krn anr# a#<M @M vn tW W @k`t a#w. w, w rtvL @q`lhk a`N aw a`Rk @vw, sm`k @vw, b @vw sh @Q\ @vw r>` pvWn` kL @p` qlK y`Wmk y @n` h# bvt o @c~qn` kr.

s@ @sNG m$w kv#yk @m@S k`\ y, "ql, @vN @vN m avq`nM k`Ryy. mKs`q yW @Q\p`ln aRqyN N r`j&yN @vN krn t @h~ e@nk`t r#Q[v wr< vn t @h~ @vnS j`N Ek`bQ[v X`w` krn lq qlK k#bvlt k# yn bv ih`sy apt ugNvn b#."

kv#y @m@S anr# a<v. @r~p` sAgmy s>h` sh j`N awr smlny s>h` nv vR[ny @n` n @h`W, "sAgmy plv ek w#n pL pv pK;{`w v a#w. @my e ykr# mrny, @Q\p`ln aqhsk m`v y h#k. q#N, @r~v @p @mN p, g#t sCcy v a#w. @r~py @Rck aRqyK @qst p#q kr."

a#FgS}`ny l Q[y b>v @p` rK sMp`qny mt @r~py asmWm @H@vN sh, @r~v sMbN[@yN wm sgyN@G av` shgw aqhS s` a`Nv h#r y iw`y` @Q\ a#m @rn`@t~ r#@r~, y wn@rN iLl` aSm @H@vN @r~y v&`p`r kv l anr# a#<@M q#ntmW n`q a#w. @r~py @b y`@M sh @b~Lkkrny@M anr Kjy l p#h#v sthN a#w. @M anr pmnK @n` v, iw`y` @lg` @n~RD, OSy`@V @j~RG @HdRS sh ev# a@nW `@Qyv` v&`p`rvl m@mN `@Qy @R` oS@S i w#mK mt vd`W id a#w. p#r j`k mLlvw`vN E a`k`r@yN wm bly n#vw whr# kr g#mt id @B.

t amwrv, y a`Rk k^whSwN @r~vt s`R}kWvyK lb` gw h#K@K, sm`j @Sv`vN, `m v#P h` b s`[nyN brpwl @ls kp` qm`, Ev` a#mk` mTtM smg ek @plt v`@m -- enM n&yt sp kr@m -- yNn g. on@G |@L;nyNt av @r~vt s`@PK;v @d`lr@Y n#Gm, eKsW jnpqy l py q\k @qk r` @kr# ay-v#y kPp`vl ly. a#mk`@V r`j& yqM m`ny, ql j`k ΍p`qn@yN yyt 30kt a vn awr, sAsNqn`Wmkv @r~p@Y r`j& yqm, ql j`k ΍p`qn@yN yyt 46.16

@mv# kPp` y`Wmk @k@rN@N ߿y`v @M vn tW yyt 10t vd` ihl @g`S a# w yt@W y. ز kL r>` pvWn` avp`wyK, yn sA&`w mhjnw`v mw blp`N q#v#Nw pm`n@Y sm`j mK w kr a#w.

@r~y sAgm@Y plLm

@M y aRqyN vd`W w @Y @r~p` sAgmy n#@gnrt s`rny @m.

s#lM @k a# p, nv s`m`kyN qs @q@n -- @m`N@gN @b`@h~ @q@n n#@gnr @r~p@Y kN p#v St#Nv` r`j&yN y -- 2004 vn t @r~p` sAgmyt eK v a#w. N @b`@h`myK q rtvL @v. smhr aA\vl , Ev`@Y vn wWvyN btr @r~p@Y mTt@mN qh@yN ekK pmnK @V. ont @r~p` sAgmyt a#m s>h` @k`N@Q s#k@V, vn wWvyN vd`W phl v#m sh qs lK; sA&`w d` @g`N, d` v&`p`kyN h` @l~k @vl> @p`@L wr<k` @n` vn f#Ktvl kMkr#vN nTtMm m. @r~py l p`lk kv awr, @|;@yNm jRmy l, n#@gnr s`rny wv rtW y y yn Lv p#r# ek<w`vK pv. ont ey @l~p`k |ny. n#@gnr @r~py aWh#r q#v @h`W ey a#mk`v ytwt @h~ r#y`@V blp$m ytwt pWv a#w. emN ey @g`Sl`y`v @mN k#bvlt k# L Q[yt h# "a`rK;k aRqyK" bvt pW y h#k. nW, evN mh` pm`n nv aWpW kr g#mK @w~r` @Br` skS kr g#m s>h` @r~p` sAgmyt a#W@W a q`nm.

[@N|vr @r~pyt evN r`j&yN Ek`bQ[ mt sh Ev`@Y g#t smt @n` h# bv vd`W v`q`yk @k`N@Q p#v, p#r jRm` j`wNv` jnrj@Y (a`R) aWq#MvN qR\ny y. jRmy eKsW @mN vsr @q`lhK gw a# aq n pv` n#@gnr ߿y`v btr @mN @qny. y qhS gnN jny` vd`W yhpW ߿y`vK @s`y` g#m s>h` btrt sAmnym @H@vN smSw n#@gnr @Q\ym jnn& a#w.

@r~p` sAgmy n#@gnrt s`rnym @H@vN sm`j v&snyK Rm`ny vN@N n#@gnr pmnK @n` v btr q sm`j a`wN Vr v a#w. n, e@hW iw` a v#P lq kMkr#vN qs lK; sA&`vK @r~p` sAgmyt a#m pvWn` v#P h` vn wWvyN wv rtW phw @h@M vryK @S @Svy kr a#w. a`ywk mTt@mN slkn kl, s`m`kWvy 15 t 25 qKv` s`rny t sAgmy y`Wmkm s>h` @r~y a`ywnvl sASkrnyK aw&v\& y# s#l@K. nW @M qKv` ey kvr @h~ gyK aW kr @gn n# wrM y. w`n&, jRmy sh Nsy awr wr<k`Wvy sh \`l sh d` s`m`kyN@G wr<k`Wvy @H@vN ey a`p a l#b @B.

a`Rk mTt@mN s#l t, @g`Nt sh ڱ kl`pyNt vWmN mTt@M a`[`rM gtm pvWv` @gn y @h`W n#@gnr qKv` s`rnym @H@vN @r~p` sAgmy bA@k`@l`W @V. @my a kl @h`W, emN sm`j a`wN sh vWmN s`m`kyN awr @bM wv r vR[ny mK Rm`ny @k@r a#w.

@r~py sh "Sw-@r~" gw M

@r~y a`Nvl [`n q`nm vN@N, av`Ry sm`j Mvlt @pr`v q#v#Nw r`j& mRqn yNnyK @g`d ng` g#m . s#Pw#MbR 11 QNt, on@G c`ry q#k gw W@W @M sNqRXy l y. @r~py l E h` sm`n Sw h`ryN @n`m# w l pv` oN pp`ln@yN wm m`Rg qR\ky lb` @gn j`wNv` aN mw q#v#Nw h`ryK eLl mt @plnh.

@b`@h`myK @r~y p`R@MN hrh`, ekm a`k`ryt, nv Iy` Sw @r~ vhvh` sMmw kr gWh. L aN @|;@yNm @QkyN@G L aN -- q#v#Nw @ls kp` q#@mn awr r -- @p`yt sh oW @Sv`vNt nv amwr blyN lb` . uq`hrnyK @ls jRmy l @p`y sh oW @Sv`vN awr p#v sMRn @vN m a@h~ @kr#n` h` sm`n y. n` jRmy a#q v#@mN p, TlR@G sRv bl[` rhs& r`j& @p`y @gSt`@p~v y`vK @lN @mm @vN m S}`w @kn.

y h# pm, @mm yvryN Qgly @h~ sA[`nyK N mt id a# Swv` y`vkt eLl @kr#nkt vd`, vWmN p`ln r$pyN an@R @hln sm`j @h~ @Q\p`ln v&`p`ryk mmt e@rv eLlvK y.

tv`qyt sh Q[yt e@r r#Q[Wvy, j`wNy aNt eLl @k@rn h`ryNt e@r r#Q[Wvy sh sm`j @k`N@Q n`\ mt e@r r#Q[Wvy, @r~py all`gW jny mhjn v&`p`ryNt y h# bvt s#kyK p#vy @n` h#k. @mm y |n sMbN[@yN a @pr@N y @v. @k@S nW, @l~k sm`jv` Plv@Y @l~p`@yN @vN j`w&Nwr kv N n`ykWvy @q lbn hwr vn j`w&Nwr@Y j`w&Nwrv` iqR\n@yN @vN , Q[yt e@r sh sm`j h` j`wNy aN a`rK;` @M anvrw arglyK @gn y` @n` h#k.

a#mk` a`pw&yt e@rv -- vd`W sm`jy, vd`W sASk^w, vd`W K Kw yn @HN mw -- @r~y [nv`qy a`rK;` krNnNt, "nv brL @g~ykrnyt" e@rv -- @g~ykrn @r~ v&`p`r@Y p`X`w vqN m`l`vt av -- "sm`j @vl> a`Rky" a`rK;` krNnnt av`Ry wRknyK a#w. @r~y [@N|vry wm rtvL l kMkr# pNyt phr @qn t, a#mk`vt e@r argl@Y oN smg eKv kt m kl @n` h#Kk. @r~py l sm`j @h~ @Q\p`ln mhjn v&`p`ryK N @r~y `G[nyt, a#mk` `G[ny smg e wr<@Y , av`Ry@yNm vl kp a#w. ems` a#mk` a`pw&yt e@r argl@Y , evN v&`p`ryN p`g` q#m @h~ uq`n m a`v\&k @V; E s>h`, pl @l~k q sm@Y jRm` sm`j j`wNv`N h#N a`k`r@Y

w`vk`k stN r`m @vwK av\& @k@R.

[@N|vr ߫kN@G a a#mk` @r~[v`qy a K@p krN@n. a@P a`S}`ny vN@N a#mk`vN @qkK (h` @r~pyN @qkK) pvWn` bv . [npyN@G a#mk`v sh kMkr# pN@Y a#mk`v. ej ar`j&v`qyt e@r a@P argly pqnM vN@N @r~y [@N|vr@Y @k`tS sh on@G m[&m pNk shkr#vN mw @n` v j`w&Nwr kMkr# pNy mw y.

@r~p`-a#mk` g#m mN w h` @VgvW @kr# p, @mm |ny ˚S}`nyt wL sm`jv`qy sh avS}`v`q@Y s$m r$p`k`ryK awrm @bM @R`v bvt pWv a#w.

py q\k@Y g`d @vnSM, @r~p@Y @Q\p`ln qR\ny mw q#ntmW wm sln wb` a#w. p#r S}`w pK; yLlm qr# aRqyk .

@my a`rMX @Y sMq`k qKn`Ak [@N|vr@Y r y`mW smg y. iw`@Y Sy` j`wNv` yw vs@yNm @Q\p`ln qR\n p}@yN ar#qhN h. Ns @g~Lv` sh brL M sh @bM m`l`vK N gmN klh. w`n& @t~ py m#vrn@Y avlt k# yh. sh avs`n vs@yN jRmN Sy` j`wNv`, 1998 bly a@mN p l&my ;n h` aX&Nwr @bM @H@vN blg @ls aRq Sw .

@mm aRqyt bl p$ vd`W v#qgW kr#n vN@N, @mm pK; sMq`k vs@yN pqnM m[&m pN@Y #krny . wv rtW, mh` v&`p`k av\&w`, m[&m pN@Y \`l @k`tskt lb` @qn mn` sh kMkr# pNyt lb` @qn shn smg Ek`bQ[ kl @n` h#k.

sMq`k pK;vl aRqy sm`j j`wNv`N@G n#vw n#mkt . 1998 vn t Sp`y h#r [`n @r~p` rtvL p`lny k@L sm`j j`wNv`N . oN a nr @S q#k gW kMkr# pN@Y sh@y~gy yM rkt ont l#n. @k`NsR@VVvr#N N awrmA krn lq m[&m pNk @k`tS n`g#mt o yM rkt smW h. "Nv# m`vw" nM B@ly`R@G stN p`y sh jRm@Y @r~dR N "nv m[& y" @ls ipW krn e pvRw stN p`y pN p#v@Y ey . wm` pqnMv m[& y K;kv k# yN @bn bv q#n g#mt B@ly`R h` @r~dR asmW h.

sm`j j`wNv`N bl@Y n` sm@Y, wm` @k`NsR@VVvr#Nt kLpyK @y~jny @n` krn b#V iKmNm ġ kl b#N on@G ph`y a#rn. iw`@Y t St#Nv`Nt bly lb` g#m s>h` vsr pnhK gw awr ey n#vw a kr g#mt gw @Y vsr nK pm. a@L p#v#Wmt yw Ns jn`pvrn@Y @g~Lv` j#K K@G jyhnyt ym avS}`vK pv. jRmy l, s pykt @pr` k`ly vn @wK, @r~dR @qvn vrtW |wvm blyt p#@nn bvK @p@nNnt n q, srW s^@V p#v#Wmt yw @fdrL m#vrn@Y l v^w y# q#N s#ly h#k.

m` N @pr p#v p, ar`j&v` tv`qy @qst jRm` hwN@G K;k gmnt @@v;k a#<mK a#w. oN 68 @r~[w` v&`p`r@yN m rs`yk vs@yN mNm p`@H m[&m pNk vn pK;y. oN, wm aw a`S}`nyW yLl aWh#r q#@M amhW @Vgy, sm`jy @k`tSvlt ir` qmn, rn prSpr @r~[yN@G g#r sh pr`sy b> m. awr m#q mt @n` h# wWvykt oN pW @k a#w.

aNw qKn`Ak @Q\p`ln h#d g#Mvl y` kl`py

py pS vsr r`, aNw qKn`Ak Rm`nyN mN, sMq`k pK;vl ph`y mN a# krn lq q#s rmt n#vw n#vwW uWs`h @kn. yK @ls @mm kNd`yM, sm`j |nvlt @k@rn stkpt a`y`cn`, @[~Nm`qy, y h` s`myt @k@rn k#>M sh l& `G[n@Y vd`W pr@p~w S}ryN@G av\&w` @y~jny krn @vW smg ɜ kr.

smhr avS}`vl @p` aw^P@yN oN l`X lbn awr s#ly cNq m`nyK q n` g. nW oN a`Nvt a# avS}`@V @p`@V oP kr @pN@Y, wmN aNwytm aS}`vr bv h` ;n apc`r awrt v# a# bv . e@S n#w@h`W -- OSy`@V @HdRS qhS pK;y mW -- brL a`Rk @vW y`Wmk klN sh mhjnw`v awr jnyv` a`y`cnyN wv rtW pvWv`@gn y`mt uWs`h klN awr @HqyN y.

@mmN, p`lk @V L @k`tS awr s#ly sh@y~gyK n` g#@M nv uWs`hyN nwr @kr#@N n#w. iw`y l [@N|vr@Y s#ly @k`tsk sh`y a#v bRS@k~@G a`Nv S}`w m @mm \`vt g# |w n`Wmk yvr.

bRS@k~ pqnM vN@N aNw qKn`Ak blyN mw y: j`k sN[`n@Y f#STv`N, @bMv`N sh @lg`@n~D yr# v# q uNm`wyN o@Gm pK;y vn @f~s` iw`y` [`n vs@yNm o@Gm v&`p`k av\&w`vl upkrny. @M s@Y jRm` pyk pl p e a`qR\ p`y "yLl ekK s>h`, ey o s>h`" @V. @mm a`N N @y~jny krn av\&w`vN@G aNw p avk`\y sh qKn`Ak blyN N ey mw @y`qn amhW blp$m, pp`lny smg |w sm`nkM @pNM kr. @r~p@Y nv i w#mk anr bRS@k~@G a`Nv N qR\ny kr. aW adAvt g#@M @r~y v@rNvK sMbN[ m$w g`l@g~TN @ls, iSl`myt e@r bRS@k~@G Q[ @c~qn`v @ls, o@G a`N@V s`m`kyN @r~vt phrm @ls ey qR\ny y.

@r~p` sAgmyt @cK jnrjy a#lW kr g#@M Rv @k`N@QyK @ls @tMN n&k bl uWp`qky vs` q#y y yNn mw jnmw c`rnyK p#v#Wy y# @k@rn iLm OSy`@V @HdR@G qhS pK;y N a`rMX kl` pmn. @r~p` sAgmy n#@gnr qKv` s`rnym avr kr vS n&k v&snyK sMbN[ s`[`rn y sAk`vN bl g#Nmt o uWs`h kr.

jRmy l, l< en @fdrL m#vrn@Y c`NslR @r~dR@G l a@y~gkr# @ls b@Vy` eS@V [`y` vn eDmND S@t`bR nM m @mm \`vt vR[nyK @pNM kr. S@t`bR@G nM m @Y a#N@jl` mR@kL smg ز g#mN anr#v y. mR@kL, @V [`y` vn awr, Sy` j`wNv`N awN a\N q@nN N@n. sM@Y vd`W sMq`k @vwK @v@vN @p n sh S@t`bRt vd` m[&S} vn mR@kL t c`NslR @hLT @k~L@G sh`y l#@v.

y h` s`my a`rK;` krNn @ls S@t`bRt RyK a#w. @HdRS qhS pK;y OSy` a`Nv lt my vs@yN Ek`bQ[m, @r~p` sAgmy N my vs@yN vRjny kl avS}`@V o em Ek`bQ[mt Q@Y sh@y~gy N@N y. iw`y l o bRS@k~@G @f~Rs` iw`y, pK;y smg sp sb>w` pvWv`@gn y. o, "kl`pyN@G @r~py" K, enM `@Qy @R` mw @r~py @b~Lkkrny mK, s>h` vn v&`p`r@Y blg a`[`rkr#@v.

@mm qKn`Ak blyN@G n#Gm, jnw`v awr ym sh@y~gyk lyK @n` v, oNt @pr p#v blyN@G -- sm`j j`wNv`N, hwN sh t St#Nv`N a` vs@yN -- pRn bA@k`@l`WX`v@Y ly. vd`W k j`wNv` aN h` vn @k`N@Q pv` a`rK;` kr mt ont a# pRn @n` h#y`v oP @kn. oN N @Q\ k`v y h` s`my a`rK;` @M @vW vR[ny m @H@vN @mm qKn`Ak blyNt p`r k#n.

@m lyK @ls, j`wNy h` sm`jy aN a`rK;` @M arn smSw vs@yNm kMkr# pNy aw r>` pv.

s`r`A\ gw m s>h`: @r~py yN@N @k`bt q?

a#FgS}`ny l vWmN Q[@Y pm skSkl aNwR ar`j&v` mLlvw` Vr m mN, @r~py l a`Rk h` sm`k g#M w m @k@R. a#mk`v smg g#M m tv`q@Y sh apv`q@Y vR[nykt y h#k. ey @Q\p`ln vR[nyN @VgvW @k`t mh` pm`n sm`j M w kr a#w -- @`TS@G vcnvN pvs@w`W, ey @r~py Plykrny kr a#w.

@myt a@P r mK q? ap @myt q`nM vN@N @k@S q?  @M s>h` av\& vN@N yM W gNn` , uQ@{~;n`Wmk 썁yK @n` v, @Q\p`ln \`vny.

@Hqyt @pr kMkr# Plvv` pK;y N ap v&`p`ry l gNvn lq, y`v`qy b> @n` vrn lnK pv. enM ey s$m @Q\p`ln QyKm |cy kr lbN@N e uQ@{~;n`Wmk Xv@y. "kMkr# pNy bl g#Nm s>h` mN ey @y`q` g lbN@N @k@S q? mN ey yM y`vK a# m s>h` @h~ @plp`yK sA[`ny m s>h` @y`q` g lbN@N @k@S q?

tNT v# sA@\~[nv` kNd`yMvl @h~ r`j& [nv`N@G q^y @my . "mK @h~ @M" n`m@yN o a#Tt#K v# sA[`n smg, @n~Kk` hwN sh v^Wy s l[ryN smg sN[`ngw @v. "eWsWk@M" n`m@yN ej q @vwt e@r vn yL@l~m iwN g. oN @r~y ar`j&v` k>rt wL m s>h` @my s^vm @Q.

Q[y vn` smSw [@N|vr pQ[@Y @eh`k prSpr @r~[yN@G ly @ls a av@b~[ kr g. @r~py sh a#mk`v awr vR[ny vn g#mt ap@G sm @r~y h` a#mk` kMkr# pN@Y ekv.

Esm`n a`k`rykt, j`k Sv`pw&@Y n`m@yN @r~p` sAgmyt r#Q[ vNnNt @h~ btr kMkr# N a`rK;` @M n`m@yN @r~p` sAgmy n#@gnrt s`rny mt r#Q[vNnNt a agw @n` @v.

v&`p`k av\&w`vN N sh [`n @r~y blyN N abvny krn lq @r~p` sAgmyt ap@G sm vn` eKsW sm`jv` @r~p` jnpqy .

sthN:

  01. . @D bRGStN (j`w&Nwr a`Rky a`ywn@Y a[&K;), America  and Europe: Clash of the Titans (a#mk`v sh @r~py: mh @y~[N@G g#m), Foreign Affairs (@f`N e@fy`S), m`R/ a@L 1999.

02. hNS-@y`aM NgR, Der Euro und die transatlantischen Beziehungen: Eine geo-okonomische perspektive  (@dyR o@r~ uND NS aTlN;N bTNgN: a@n @go-o@k`@n`; @pRS@pKV (@r~ sh `NS aWl`NK sb>w`vy: @h_k-a`Rk iqR\ny) International Politics and Society  (iNtR n#;nL @p`KS a#ND @s`s 2/1999) (Dݍ EbRT FNG)

03. @fyGL. @vRnR NK, (Europaische Sicherheitspolitik o@r~ @p; z;RhTS@p`K, Merkur (@mRR) s#P/oK@w~. 2000,pp.919

  04. eRNST-o@t~ @szML,  Merkur (@mRR) s#P/oK. 2000, pp.905-6

  05. em. S.909

  06. Erlkarung  von la Rochelle l` @r`@;@L @G k`\ny, 22 m# 1992, NK t av, em.,pp.922

  07. z@YT t av, em.,pp.922

  08. eRNST-o@t~ @szML, em.,.909

09. em. . 924

  10. @hLT DT, (Die selbstbehauptung Europas im neuen jahrhundert) @sLBST@bhVPNG o@r~p`S iM @n`yN y`RNdRT, 2002 @n`v#MbR 8

11. @k`N@d`s` rS, (Life after the Cold War) wl Q[@yN p wy, (Foreign Affairs) @f`N e@fy`S, jnv`/@pbrv` 2000 (@vm.79,@n`.1)

12. @lN, "Der Imperialismus" Werke Band 22,Kap. IX, pp.290 (ar`j&v`qy) @vm 22, .290

13. @y`N @`TS krnlq k}` @qkK,.17

14. em. p.3

  15. S@tf`N @k`RnyS, Europas Scheinwelt (o@r~pS ;N@vLT), Suddeutessche Zeitung (zD@d`T;R TsNG) 2002 jnv` 5 [q jRm@Y vWpw ]

16. Angaben laut  (aNg`bN lT) iwd, 2001 s#Pw#MbR 21, Ausgabe Nr. 38,Jg.21 (aSg`b k`\ny) av 38, 21 kl`py


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