hbRm`S ÓÄb> ì@Vcnyt ×ñpq`nyK
qR\n @MØS ìâÎ
ýRgN hbRm`S@G @Q\p`ln q^çyt sh oÒ@G sm`j n&`yt aö@y~g krÉN jRm`Ð @
ë`TS¿v`Ø@yÁ vn uLÝC ÝpRT ìâN @l~k sm`jv`Ù @vB adìyt @y`Ë @kr#Ð ÄÓy @b@hìN k`@l~¦w y. s#Ww$ h#ìÝØ hbRm`S, ap@G sm@yµ vd` Î|¦wv ¿y@w`W 1970 N @mÓt vkv`Ð@vµ "×Ëšwm sm`j ¦Nwky`" @ls ÕMbÐ l#b a#w. m#KS @vbR@gN päv "sm`j ìq&`v ì;@yµ vd`W v#qgW n&`y[ry`" h#çyt q ÓÄg#@nn oÒ, @b~LkN ýQ[y ÓÄb> sAv`q@yµ Ù, âyÇ ìr#q`vÅN Î×X krÉN wm prm ×ñg`ÊWvy ×qR\ny @k`t ñ@B.hbRm`S ÓÄb> ì@Vcny, jRmÎyt n#w@h`W ØýÐ [@N|vr @l~kyt pmnK @n`v qÁÐ a`ây`@vµ @klvrk Óµç ap @v@sn @k`@qVvt pv` ek @S v#qgW @vûŸ m$wk ât, / lAk`@vµ £QŽmy h` sASk^ñk kvyN ól hbRm`S ÓÄb> kw`bht s#l¿y ýó w#nK l#¢ a#ñ b#ìÎ.
ýRgN hbRm`S p|c`W Ñwnv`q@yµ a`sNnwm- ÖRvg`Éy` -- enM, Ñwnv`q@yµ avsN (smk`Ån) Î@y~ºwy` -- vs@yN s#lÀ@mµ vrqK n#w. p|c`W-ÑwnWvy
(Post-modernity) arby` hbRm`S sh Ä@y~t`D)1 awr p#nn#²Ð hby @n`wk` p|c`W Ñwnv`ÙÒ îv mhW aör#¦@yN ýóv oÒ Òv` q#Kímt @pl¢ âçW. hbRm`S@G ÀRñyt @Hóv oÒ@G ¦Nwn@yµ ÙPñmWX`vy yû y@mÁ âw@w`W ey brpwl Ël`v¿. It pth#Îv, ÝpRT iw` Îv#rØv @pNv` @qn pÝØ, oÒ@G n&`@yµ blpr`Ãmy wÎkr m rq` pvñÐ@Y, oÒ@G ÄyìÄ ól adA² Ørv`gw @n` h#¿ "w`K;Îk vqNm`l`v" nm#ñ @sPpdìJj`v mw y.Í
$NKfRT ²r#Ál@yµ ì@Vcn`Wmk n&`y v#d a#r„@V m m`KSv`qy -- @v@sâN m eµ "sm`»y a[Sw v&hy h` upÝv&hy awr Îyñv`Ù sb>w`v" ÓÄb> sAkLpy -- ì@Vcny krÉÎ. @k@S@vwW, ì@Vcn`Wmk sm`j n&`y krÓNn`gW ÖRv-hbRm`ây`Ð Í$NKfRT q`R\Îk@y~ ây eK pyK Îwr m m`KSv`q@yµ r>v` gWh. udWÓÝ@sûN, [@N|vr @Q\p`lny ì@Vcny ¿Þ@mµl` oîÒ m`KSv`qy mw pqnM ïh. @M aR}@yN, hbRm`S pv` wmN m`KSv`Ø@yk#û slk` gW avŽyK ñ£Î. @n` e@SnM, wm n&`ûk sAkLpnyN s>h` m`KSv`qy Ìl`œ @k`t g#Ðmt Í$NKfRT sM×q`y ìâN oÒt bl @kÞ ñ£Î. e@hW, oÒ s#m ìt m m`KSv`q@yµ só@rÁv âç b#V oÒ@G k^òN pÝ©lny krN@nÁt @p@N. smk`Ån [nv`Ù r`j&@yµ ÓÄgW sMËòN bvt pW [Rmw`vNµ ýKñshgwX`vy ×|n @k@rn Legitimation Crisis (1973) nm#ñ ËLk`Ån k^ñ@yµ Ù îv oÒ m`KSv`Ù ìkLpyt id @n` @Q. Theory of Communicative Action (sNÎ@Vqn áy`v ÓÄb> n&`y) nm#ñ oÒ@G ×[`nwm Qì-@vÇM ´N}y sm`Pw vÐ@Y m`KS@G "vçn`km ÓÄb> n&`y" ìS}`pny ¿Þ@mµ @y~jn`v¿Î. ÚâmK pmn vn oÒ@G ´N}`vÄy Õr` Î|¦w Ek`bQ[ q^çyK h‹n`gw @n` h#k.hbRm`S@G nvwm k^ñ pv` aÇW @b~wLvl a#âr$ prn vûN m b#V @p@N. "pQ[ñ n&`@yµ"
(System Theory) ât "sNÎ@Vqn n&`y" @vw m`r# í@mµ Ù oÒ ìâN s`K;`W @kr#Ð, s`[Ïy ï ¿âvK m n#w. eK aÐg`Ék@yÁ @M pÝvRwny h#‰Nï@Y "ì@Vcn`Wmk n&`@yµ" v`G ìq&`Wmk h#Þm vs@yÎ. `ny ÓÄb> ìX`gy, sNÎ@Vqny Ó˜b> ìX`gyK bvt u_nny ¿Þ@mµ Ù oÒ `n Êm`As`v (Epistemology) @mN m Ãm@Vqy q (Methodology) m<h#r yû. "m@G ×yWnyN ól Ãm@VÙ vl ×[`n @k`t m aNwRgwv ñ@bÐ@Y, sA@Kw`Wmk ÖRv-v&hgw sm`j ìq&` ì;y p}y @vw aR} v&`š&` oS@S ×@V\ ìy h#¿ m`ny p`q` g#Ð@mµ y."2 yÐ@vN oÒ m p#vã y.@vbR@G wRk`pn n&@yµ
(Rationalisation Theory) ât a#LÍD ¼TS@G ×pAc@VÙ jn-Ãm@Vqy (Phenomenological Ethnomethodology) qKv` Ñwn sm`j ìq&`@vµ n` n` äsm`qR\yN ì@Vcny kl hbRm`S ap a¡ys wbÐ@Y wvW eb‹ m äÇ [@N|vr ì`nv`Ù ß«kL n&`y¿. ìq&`Wmk h` ×m`n`Wmk yû h‹Nv` gÐ l#£v q @M ekÚ ×@V\yKvW sm`j pÝvRwny ÓÎs pqnmK @n` spyn bv Í$NKfRT ²r#Ál@yµ ÀRñ[r sm`rMXkyÁ ï ñy@d~R a#@d~R@n~ (1903-69) mW kL wb` ×k`\ k@L y.s#b#ìN m, @mÀ sm`j n&`yyN ¿âvK @hgÄy`Ð a@p~hk@yN oBbt @n` yû. @hgL@G qR\nyt aÐv, ì@Vcny yÐ Î@[Ïy ìÎ|cy¿
; e@hW, a@p~hk @X^ñkv`q n#w@h`W m`KSv`qyt aÐv, ì@Vcny yÐ pvñn lBÞN h` ì|v`syNµ r$p`k`ryN h‹n`@gn Ev`@yµ @vSËÒÐ glv` v`q`Wmk CNwn pQ[òN ÓÄb> £QŽmy Î@[yK pmnK @n`v ×`@y~°k h` ìPlíy áy`k`ÞWvyK q @vû. SvÀy @f`yRb`H ÓÄb> ×v`q ól Ù, "q`R\Îk@y~ @l~ky ìì[`k`r@yN aR}k}ny klh; ×|ny nM, ey @vnS ¿Þm û" yÐ@vN pvsÉN k`Lm`KS sm`j ìPlvy nm#ñ ×Sówy sm`j ìq&`@vµ h` @Q\p`ln qR\n@yµ hÝ m#q w#¢ y. m`KSv`q@yµ a#w#M "s`vq&w`" ×ñ@\~[ny ¿Þ@mµ @V\@yN @pÏ âç Í$NKfRTµ IÎy` "nv m`KSv`ÙÒ" ey ìk^w ¿Þ@mN @n` n#vò ìPlv@yµ q#@vn av\&w`v yÄW pRyNwyt @gn °yh. vcnvÄN ¿y@w`W, oîÒ upÝv&h@yN phlt @n` b#Ss`h.sWw¿N m ì@Vcn`Wmk n&`@yµ v> bv a#@d~R@n~@G k`l@yµ ât m an`vrny @vÉN ñ¡n. wWk`Ån y}`Ðùwv`qy
(Positivism) ÓÄb> oÒ@G ÙPñmW ì@VcnyN ñ¡y Ù, smSwyK vs@yN, ì@Vcn`Wmk n&`y y}`R}yt aÐgw í@mµ Ø\`vt avòRn ìy. s#bìN m, Í$NKfRT ²r#Ál@yµ @wm ×`y` h#çyt s#l¿y h#¿ @v~LtR @bNjÉN@gN3 päv, eµ Î@y~ºwyN añN m`KSv`q@yµ vR[nyt ¿âyM @SvyK ié ìÎ nM E iw` aLp vs@yÎ. @k@S@vwW, aŽr`j&v`Ù ýQ[y, n`âv`qy, St#ÄNv`qy, ìºwkrny yn`Ù ×Ëš m`w^k`vNµ Ù, oîÒ wvmW i‹r` m ×ñg`Ê a`S}`nyN kr` wLÇ í @n` °yh. nËW, @h~RKhûmR@G aÐ×`Pñky` p`í @g`S ñ@bÐ@Y ¿nM @vrlkt q?1960 q\k@yµ, "a#ñ wrM m`KSv`Ù @n` ím sh ÕnS}`pny @n` kl h#¿ wrmt [nv`Ù ím" sMbN[@yN ©;& áy`k`ÞN a#@d~R@n~ ht @c~qn` kl kLµ4 -- hbRm`S vh` It ×ñc`r q#Kï@Y "@Ü~¶ [npñ a`WmX`vy, eµ Î@[yt sMbNŽwv, ìy#À y$@mµ sNwñy ól wvmW iñÝv p#vò@mµ aûñy"5 a`rK;` krÉÎ. iÐÚ @n` n#vóÐ @h@wm, ©;& @Q\p`lny ×ñK@p k@L uWwm-Õr#; bÒvcn@yΟ "sAvRŽw k`RÉk sm`jyNµ ©;&yN ht @Q\p`ln ùÉk`vK r<p$@mµ h#¿y`vK a#w# û sm`j ìq&`yN vn aÓ @n` slkË."6
eq`,
Í$NKfRT ìq&`RñÒ, [nv`q@yµ ašNd p#vWmt ×[`nwm @Hóv q^çv`q`Wmk K@õ@yµ p`lk pNñy uälNn` ï a`Žpw&y yû pvsn ìt, eµ vrqkt ñ£@N, kMkr# pNñ@yµ n`ykWvy ÓÄb> aR£qy äÇ@k`t w#Àm pmÎ. anór#v, @h~RKhûmR, sm`j ìPlv@yµ l` ÎR[n pNñy só k`RyX`ry ×ñK@;p krn ìt, smk`Ån ì@Vcn`Wmk n&`@yµ ¯´ gr` v#èmk a`rMXy iN slÁÐ ìy. e@hûN @mq` n#@t~@vµ @b~LkN a`Ãmny s`[`rÏkrny krÉN [@N|vr @Q\p`ln@yµ s^¼ ×c`rk@yÁ @ls hbRm`S @prt p#ÉÏ@mN a#<@vÐ@Y, "Í$NKfRT ²r#Ál@yµ ì@Vcn`Wmk n&`y blp#vW@vn k`l`vŽ@yµ Îm`v" pmnK @n`@V. oîN@G @eñh`âk gmN m`v@wµ wRk`ÐÂl aNwy q em°N ÓÄ¡„ @k@R.eb#ìN, k`L m`KS h` @
ÍDÝK eAgLS German Ideology (jRm`Ð q^çv`qy) nm#ñ k^ñ@yµ l` hbRm`S@G ÖRvjyN ht ÚN @kç ÓÄór aÓ yÄyÄW ×ñr`vy krËŸ "iñh`s@yµ g`mk bl@Vgy vÐ@Y ìPlvy És ì@Vcny @n`@V."sthN Ÿ
1. @;~N ×Av` Ä@y~t`D yÐ p|c`W Ñwnv`q@yµ ×Ëšwm n&`y[ry` y.
2. ýRgN hbRm`S,
On the Logic of the Social Sciences, pÝ. eS. dBÄV. ÎkLsN, h` @J. E. St`RK, @p`Äç @×S, eKsW r`j[`Îy, 1988 sA`pny. (av[`rny a$‰Î)3. @v~LtR @bNjÉN @h~RKhûmR@G a`ywnyt sMbN[v âç@Y iw` @kç klK -- pS vsrK -- pmÎ. oÒ@G akL mrnyt @pr, ây sgyN@G ×ñ-m`KSv`Ù apsrnyNt e@rµv oÒ arglyt ÓÄpN@N y.
4. a#@d~R@n~@G avm
²@lµ Ù kw` kl oÒ@G âä@vK "[@N|vr ÕQglX`vyt e@rµ q^dwr ìc`ryk h` X`ìw`vk Îy#ÇÐ oÒ m eµ nt£N awrt ekó ìy" yÐ@vN p#vã y.5. ýRgN hbRm`S
Philosophical -- Political Profiles, pÝ. @ÍDÝK ». @l~rNS, @hûnmN, lNdN, 1983, Ó. xv.6. ýRgN hbRm`S,
Towards a Rational Society, pÝ. @J. @J. ;#Ó@r~, @p`Äç @×S, eKsW r`j[`Îy, n#vw ËÜny, 1989, Ó. 29. aq`l @vnW ÄÓýRgN hbRm`S @b~LkN ýQ[y
a`rK;` k@L @k@S q?
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